49 Benign Thyroid Disease 49.1 Clinical Features • Multinodular, simple (smoothly enlarged), retrosternal goitres • Increased where iodine is deficient • Long-standing may develop clinical or subclinical thyrotoxicosis • Symptoms…
44 Vocal Fold Palsy 44.1 Anatomy of Vagus/Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve • Brainstem—medulla nucleus ambiguus • Carotid sheath—between internal jugular vein and internal carotid artery • Left vagus crossing arch of…
11 Tumours of the Ear and Skin 11.1 Incidence and Site • Tumours of the ear are rare: ~70% pinna, 20% external auditory canal (EAC), 10% middle ear (ME) 11.2…
21 Sinonasal Anatomy and Physiology 21.1 Nasal Septum 21.1.1 Structure • Quadrilateral cartilage • Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid • Vomer • Maxillary crest 21.1.2 Blood Supply • Facial artery—labial…
14 Audiology—Terminology and Tests 14.1 Decibels and Decibel Scales • Subjective loudness is proportional to equal multiples of sound intensity • Bel = log10 (sound intensity/intensity reference (10–12 W/m2); 10…
61 Robotic Surgery and Transoral Laser Surgery in Head and Neck 61.1 Robotic Surgery in Head and Neck • History Da Vinci Robot 1st ever robotic operation was a heart…
