Infectious Posterior Uveitis
Herpes viruses infecting the retina manifest themselves differently depending upon the interaction between the virus and the host immune system. Most of them are known as necrotizing retinopathies, but nonnecrotizing…
Posterior Uveitis and Collagen Vascular diseases
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder that most commonly affects the lungs, skin, lymph nodes, eyes, central nervous system (CNS), reticuloendothelial system, the heart, and bones. Epidemiology and Etiology Sarcoidosis…
White Dot Syndromes
Don Gass, MD, first described acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE or AMPPE) in 1968. The clinical presentation is usually characterized by multiple, bilateral, cream-colored, placoid lesions at the…
Masquerade Syndromes
Primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL), also known as primary retinal lymphoma (PRL) or reticulum cell sarcoma, is a subset of primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) that involves the retina, vitreous, and optic…
Anterior Uveitis
Anterior uveitis constitutes up to 75% of all cases of uveitis and human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B27–associated uveitis is the most commonly diagnosed cause of acute anterior uveitis. This haplotype is…
Episcleritis, Scleritis, and Keratitis
Episcleritis is a self-limited, generally benign inflammation of the episclera. Etiology and Epidemiology Episcleritis occurs most frequently in young to middle-aged women (20 to 40 years old). It is frequently…
AIDS-Related Eye Disease
As of 2007, over one million people in the United States, and over 33 million people worldwide are infected with the HIV virus. Men make up 75% of affected patients,…
Endophthalmitis
ACUTE-ONSET POSTOPERATIVE ENDOPHTHALMITIS Endophthalmitis is characterized by marked inflammation of intraocular tissues and fluids. In a patient with endophthalmitis, the etiology and most likely infecting organisms may be predicted by…
Treatment of Uveitis
Local therapy of uveitis consists of topical drops, periocular injections, and intravitreal modalities, including injections and implants. TOPICAL THERAPY PREDNISOLONE AND DIFLUPREDNATE Prednisolone acetate 1% ophthalmic suspension is a commonly…
Immune Response Overview
BASIC CONCEPTS The immune response is a complex system that protects the body from harm. Ideally, the immune response recognizes pathologic material and then eliminates it with minimal collateral damage….
