8 Pigmented Lesions of the Fundus: Discrete Small to Medium SizeCAROLINE R. BAUMAL AND BRAD J. BAKER What Is “Normal” Fundus Pigmentation? The natural pigmentation of the fundus is provided…
4 Clinical Examination of the Ocular FundusRICHARD F. SPAIDE AND SILVANA NEGRAO Many kinds of diseases can affect the posterior segment of the eyes. To make a correct diagnosis and…
14 Macular Membranes and HolesTIN AUNG WAY, RICHARD AHUJA, AND SCOTT M. STEIDL Macular Holes What Is a Macular Hole? A macular hole is a central retinal hole that may…
21 Screening for Specific DiseasesMARSHA APUSHKIN, LANCE SCOTT, AND ALICE LYON Diabetic Retinopathy What Is Diabetic Retinopathy and Why Screen for It? Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness…
3 How to Use the Instruments for Examination of the Posterior SegmentALLEN C. HO Examination of the posterior segment of the eye is a technically demanding and challenging task. To…
SECTION I History, Physical Examination, and Diagnosis 1 Key Questions for a Focused HistoryDAVID G. MILLER AND LAWRENCE J. SINGERMAN In all fields of medicine, a focused history is an…
5 Expanding on the Primary Complaint to Get to the DiagnosisTRAVIS MEREDITH Symptoms Almost every patient evaluation begins with a chief complaint or the patient’s statement of the predominant symptom….
2 Sorting Out Possible Diagnoses from the HistoryENRIQUE GARCIA-VALENZUELA, MAURICIO E. PONS, AND GARY W. ABRAMS What Is the Importance of the Clinical History? The approach to successful diagnosis and…
11 Linear and Curvilinear Streaks in the FundusSCOTT M. STEIDL AND JONES ERIC Linear or Curvilinear Streaks Observed on or Near the Posterior Lens Retrolenticular Membranes and Hemorrhage Associated with…
16 Glaucoma Associated with Systemic Disease Joern B. Soltau Definition What Systemic Diseases and Problems Are Associated with Elevated Intraocular Pressure or Glaucoma? Several groups of systemic diseases can be…
