Transdifferentiation
Fig. 21.1 Schematic illustration of normal development, de-differentiation, and transdifferentiation. The top of the hill represents an immature status of the cell, and the bottom represents a differentiated status. (a)…
Hair Cell Regeneration in the Avian
Fig. 19.1 Structure of inner ear sensory epitheria (modified from [1]). (a) Mammalian organ of Corti. (b) Avian basilar papilla. (c) Avian and mammalian vestibular epitheria Another typical point of…
Auditory Brainstem Implant
Fig. 18.1 (a) Cross section of pontomedullary junction at level of lateral recess of the fourth ventricle (4th Vent.). DCN (Dorsal Coch. Nucl.) and VCN (Ventral Coch. Nucl.) are located…
Recent Progress in Cochlear Implant
Fig. 15.1 A virtual channel is generated by the simultaneous stimulation of adjacent electrodes. The sum of the electric fields produces a peak in the overall field located between the…
Otic Induction
Fig. 11.1 Early inner ear developmental steps from the inner cell mass to the otic vesicle with morphogens and marker genes. ICM inner cell mass, RA retinoic acid 11.2 Formation…
Somatic Stem Cells
Fig. 32.1 Bone marrow- and adipose tissue-derived stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells in the cochlea. From bone marrow and adipose tissue, stromal or stem cells are available. They have…
Pluripotent Stem Cells
Fig. 31.1 Establishment of pluripotent stem cells. (a) ES cells are derived from inner cell mass. (b) iPS cells are derived from somatic cells, using viral transfection, plasmid transfection, mRNA…
Inner Ear Stem Cells
Fig. 30.1 Inner ear stem cells. Potential candidates of stem cells are supporting cells [2, 4, 5, 7–9], cells at LER [2, 4, 7], cells at GER [3], and tympanic…
Afferent Dendrite and Axon
Fig. 29.1 Projection of regenerated neurons to the peripheral targets including inner hair cells and electrodes of cochlear implants and to the central target, the cochlear nucleus neuron 29.2 Projection…
