Thickened or Elevated Macular Retina
16 Thickened or Elevated Macular RetinaBYRON S. LADD AND MICHAEL J. COONEY Thickened or Elevated Macular Retina What Are the Symptoms of a Thickened or Elevated Macular Retina? Multiple symptoms…
Abnormal-Appearing Retinal Vessels
13 Abnormal-Appearing Retinal VesselsMITRA AYAZIFAR AND LORY SNADY-MCCOY Congenital Tortuosity of the Retinal Vessels (Nonaneurysmal Congenital Anomalies) What Are Arterial Vascular Anomalies? The arterial circulation of the retina, with the…
Pigmented Lesions of the Fundus: Discrete Small to Medium Size
8 Pigmented Lesions of the Fundus: Discrete Small to Medium SizeCAROLINE R. BAUMAL AND BRAD J. BAKER What Is “Normal” Fundus Pigmentation? The natural pigmentation of the fundus is provided…
Clinical Examination of the Ocular Fundus
4 Clinical Examination of the Ocular FundusRICHARD F. SPAIDE AND SILVANA NEGRAO Many kinds of diseases can affect the posterior segment of the eyes. To make a correct diagnosis and…
Macular Membranes and Holes
14 Macular Membranes and HolesTIN AUNG WAY, RICHARD AHUJA, AND SCOTT M. STEIDL Macular Holes What Is a Macular Hole? A macular hole is a central retinal hole that may…
Screening for Specific Diseases
21 Screening for Specific DiseasesMARSHA APUSHKIN, LANCE SCOTT, AND ALICE LYON Diabetic Retinopathy What Is Diabetic Retinopathy and Why Screen for It? Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness…
How to Use the Instruments For Examination of the Posterior Segment
3 How to Use the Instruments for Examination of the Posterior SegmentALLEN C. HO Examination of the posterior segment of the eye is a technically demanding and challenging task. To…
Key Questions for a Focused History
SECTION I History, Physical Examination, and Diagnosis 1 Key Questions for a Focused HistoryDAVID G. MILLER AND LAWRENCE J. SINGERMAN In all fields of medicine, a focused history is an…
Expanding on the Primary Complaint to Get to the Diagnosis
5 Expanding on the Primary Complaint to Get to the DiagnosisTRAVIS MEREDITH Symptoms Almost every patient evaluation begins with a chief complaint or the patient’s statement of the predominant symptom….
Sorting out Possible Diagnoses from the History
2 Sorting Out Possible Diagnoses from the HistoryENRIQUE GARCIA-VALENZUELA, MAURICIO E. PONS, AND GARY W. ABRAMS What Is the Importance of the Clinical History? The approach to successful diagnosis and…
