Ento Key

SECTION II Lesions Associated with a Flat or Minimally Elevated Retinal Surface 6 Areas of Fundus Whitening: White or Yellow SpotsAMY S. NOFFKE AND LEE M. JAMPOL Acute Posterior Multifocal…

10 Orange–Red and Gray Lesions in the FundusJONATHAN SHEINDLIN What Are Gray or Orange Lesions in the Fundus? Gray and orange–red lesions in the fundus represent localized or, at times,…

16 Thickened or Elevated Macular RetinaBYRON S. LADD AND MICHAEL J. COONEY Thickened or Elevated Macular Retina What Are the Symptoms of a Thickened or Elevated Macular Retina? Multiple symptoms…

13 Abnormal-Appearing Retinal VesselsMITRA AYAZIFAR AND LORY SNADY-MCCOY Congenital Tortuosity of the Retinal Vessels (Nonaneurysmal Congenital Anomalies) What Are Arterial Vascular Anomalies? The arterial circulation of the retina, with the…

8 Pigmented Lesions of the Fundus: Discrete Small to Medium SizeCAROLINE R. BAUMAL AND BRAD J. BAKER What Is “Normal” Fundus Pigmentation? The natural pigmentation of the fundus is provided…

4 Clinical Examination of the Ocular FundusRICHARD F. SPAIDE AND SILVANA NEGRAO Many kinds of diseases can affect the posterior segment of the eyes. To make a correct diagnosis and…

14 Macular Membranes and HolesTIN AUNG WAY, RICHARD AHUJA, AND SCOTT M. STEIDL Macular Holes What Is a Macular Hole? A macular hole is a central retinal hole that may…

21 Screening for Specific DiseasesMARSHA APUSHKIN, LANCE SCOTT, AND ALICE LYON Diabetic Retinopathy What Is Diabetic Retinopathy and Why Screen for It? Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness…

3 How to Use the Instruments for Examination of the Posterior SegmentALLEN C. HO Examination of the posterior segment of the eye is a technically demanding and challenging task. To…

SECTION I History, Physical Examination, and Diagnosis 1 Key Questions for a Focused HistoryDAVID G. MILLER AND LAWRENCE J. SINGERMAN In all fields of medicine, a focused history is an…