This chapter reviews the fundamental corneal properties relevant to refractive surgery (focusing on keratorefractive procedures), corneal imaging for refractive surgery, and the effects of keratorefractive surgery on the cornea. It…
Figure 5-1 Schematic representations of corneal recontouring by the excimer laser. A, Correction of myopia by flattening the central cornea. B, Correction of hyperopia by steepening the central corneal optical…
Figure 9-1 Schematic representation of the Helmholtz theory of accommodation, in which contraction of the ciliary muscle during accommodation (bottom) leads to relaxation of the zonular fibers. The reduced zonular…
Because accurate testing results are crucial to the success of refractive surgery, the refractive surgeon must closely supervise office staff members who are performing the various tests (eg, corneal topography…
Figure 7-1 Schematic representation of an eye undergoing conductive keratoplasty, which delivers radiofrequency energy to the cornea through a handheld probe inserted into the peripheral cornea. (Courtesy of Refractec, Inc.)…
Figure 9-1 A, Complete cryptophthalmos, both eyes. B, Incomplete cryptophthalmos of the right eye, with eyelid fused to cornea superonasally. Cryptophthalmos occurs in both an isolated and a recessive syndromic…
The corneal epithelium is a highly differentiated cell type that is entirely regenerated approximately every 7 days. In the mechanically abraded cornea (eg, total epithelial debridement during vitrectomy surgery or…
Effective immune responses to foreign antigens require cells to “traffic” through tissues. Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are critical mediators that provide the trafficking signals to immune cells. These are low-molecular-weight proteins,…
Figure 7-1 Surgical spaces of the orbit. A, Axial view. B, Coronal view. (Illustration by Cyndie C. H. Wooley.) the subperiosteal (subperiorbital) surgical space, which is the potential space between…
Figure 15-1 Longitudinal section of normal optic nerve. Axons of the retinal ganglion cells (R) become axonal fibers of the optic nerve. Optic nerve axons pass through the fenestrations in…
