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Fig. 40.1 Normal tympanic membrane, right ear Fig. 40.2 Vascularization around the manubrium mallei due to Eustachian tube dysfunction, right ear Fig. 40.3 Barotrauma during descent of the airplane, left…

Fig. 32.1 Allergens bind FcεRI and trigger Syk-mediated signaling pathway resulting in mast cell degranulation, eicosanoid mediator synthesis, and cytokine production. Ionomycin, a calcium mobilization agent, can also induce degranulation…

Figs. 13.1 and 13.2 (a, b) Two examples of the geriatric nose, profile and frontal views. Note the skin changes and external structural effects of aging Anatomic changes of the…

Fig. 18.1 The concept of a “tetrapartite” gliapse modulating synaptic strength based on the anatomical relationships between astrocytes, glia and neurons has superseded the previous synaptic model 18.3 Migraine/Chronic Tension…

Fig. 37.1 Potential mechanisms for interaction between the upper and lower airways: (1) loss of nasal conditioning function, (2) direct passage of inflammatory mediators and/or microorganisms between the upper and…

Fig. 12.2 Rhinitis sicca anterior with dry skin in the nasal vestibule and thin yellowish crusts 12.2 Etiology Possible causes of dry nose include a variety of diseases, external and…

Fig. 21.1 (a–e) Swelling of inferior turbinate according to the nasal cycle in a healthy young man (parallel endoscopy using a 0° endoscope): (a) Decongested mucosa on the right and…

Drug (or drug candidate)/trade name Indications Status References Acyclovir Antiviral drug Under development Alsarra et al. (2008, 2010) and Pires et al. (2009) Atropine sulfate Treatment of peptide ulcer disease…

Fig. 8.1 (a) Electron microscopy of tissue eosinophil in CRS. Note the black arrow pointing to a characteristic secondary granule (transmission electron microscopy, original magnification ×7,000). (b) Electron microscopy of…