(1) Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA   Retinal vein occlusion is a well-known clinical entity, but there is no…

(1) Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA   Leber [1] in 1903 first wrote the classical description of the vascular…

(1) Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA   Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) has been known as a clinical entity…

(1) Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA   Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) is a common, visually disabling disease. It…

(1) Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA   The so-called branch retinal arteries are in fact arterioles [1] (see Chap….

(1) Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA   The cilioretinal artery was first described by Müller [1] in 1856. Its…

(1) Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA   Ischemic optic neuropathy is one of the major causes of blindness or…

(1) Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA   Ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS) is relatively uncommon, but is a serious blinding…

(1) Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA   For over 150 years, the characteristic ophthalmoscopic findings of central retinal artery…

(1) Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA   Cotton-wool spots in malignant arterial hypertension have been known since Liebreich [1]…