Fig. 20.1 Flow paths in a tube with laminar flow (ΔP = friction-related pressure loss, = flow velocity) Fig. 20.2 Flow paths in a tube with a constriction with laminar flow (ΔP = friction-related pressure…
Fig. 36.1 Report from CNN (Cable News Network) Food and Health May 1996 claiming that one in five “nose jobs” (rhinoplasty operations) needs to be “fixed” again because of a…
Fig. 25.1 Shows a plot of pressure and flow during respiration. As the patient inspires, the curves go downward showing a decrease in pressure and the corresponding movement of air…
Fig. 6.1 The mechanisms of host defense system from innate to adaptive immunity. PMN polymorphonuclear cells, CTL cytotoxic lymphocytes, Mo macrophages, DC dendritic cells 6.1.3 Recruitment of Macrophages into Peripheral…
Fig. 22.1 Anatomy of the nasal valve 22.3.1.2 What Is the External Nasal Valve? The “external nasal valve” is located in the nasal vestibule, and it is an area bound…
Fig. 26.1 Acoustic rhinometry equipment (Rhinoscan SRE 2000, Interacoustics A/S, Assens, DK) Fig. 26.2 Schematic representation of an acoustic rhinometry circuit The changes in cross-sectional area of the airway affect…
Identification tests Thresholds tests Identification and threshold tests Identification, threshold, and discrimination tests University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) (Doty et al. 1984) T&T olfactometer (Takagi 1987) Connecticut Chemosensory…
Fig. 23.1 Anatomy of the external nose The diameter of the valve influences directly the velocity of the airflow. On gentle inspiration, the nasal valve is usually patent. During deep…
Substance Common sources Chemical composition Activity Lysozyme Serum, saliva, tears Protein Bacterial cell lysis Complement Serum Protein-carbohydrate lipoprotein complex Cell death or lysis of bacteria; participates in inflammation Basic proteins…
Obesity High body mass index. Central or visceral obesity is quite important. Predisposing factors: abdominal circumference >94 cm in men and >80 cm in women; neck circumference >40 cm Gender…
