Ento Key

14 Orbit INTRODUCTION Orbital disease is relatively uncommon but quite diverse in nature. Inflammatory diseases, such as infectious cellulitis, and immunological disorders, such as thyroid ophthalmopathy and idiopathic orbital inflammation…

5 Conjunctiva The conjunctiva is a delicate mucous membrane that covers the anterior surface of the eyeball and the posterior surface of eyelids. The term conjunctiva is derived from the…

12 Retinoblastoma and Simulating Lesions Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular tumor of childhood. In Asia, Africa, and South America, where uveal melanoma is relatively rare, it probably is the…

8 Glaucoma INTRODUCTION Visual loss in glaucoma is caused by the death of the retinal ganglion cells and their axons that constitute the nerve fiber layer of the retina and…

3 Inflammation INTRODUCTION During the evolutionary struggle for survival, a complex series of defense mechanisms (that we in its totality call inflammation) has evolved. The inflammatory response involves a variety…

16 Laboratory Techniques, Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry SPECIMEN HANDLING IN THE OPHTHALMIC PATHOLOGY LABORATORY This chapter discusses the basic principles of practical ocular histopathology and summarizes techniques used in the…

7 The Lens The structure and embryology of the lens are discussed in Chapter 1. CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE LENS The posterior surface of the lens in an infant’s eye…

4 Ocular Trauma Many eyes that are enucleated have a past history of nonsurgical or surgical trauma. The eye can be totally destroyed by severe injuries that violate the integrity…

15 Optic Nerve DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES Developmental anomalies of the optic nerve include optic nerve aplasia and hypoplasia, optic pits, optic nerve colobomas, and the morning glory syndrome. Bilateral hypoplasia is…

2 Congenital and Developmental Anomalies INTRODUCTION Congenital anomalies are developmental disorders that are present at birth. Congenital malformations are caused by chromosomal abnormalities, mutant genes, and major environmental factors such…