Cornea and Sclera
Cornea and Sclera CORNEAL HISTOLOGY The cornea is the principal refractive element of the eye (Fig. 1-8). Its anterior surface is covered by a layer of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium…
Conjunctiva
Conjunctiva The conjunctiva is a delicate mucous membrane that covers the anterior surface of the eyeball and the posterior surface of eyelids. The term conjunctiva is derived from the Latin…
Ocular Trauma
Ocular Trauma Many eyes that are enucleated have a past history of nonsurgical or surgical trauma. The eye can be totally destroyed by severe injuries that violate the integrity of…
Inflammation
Inflammation INTRODUCTION During the evolutionary struggle for survival, a complex series of defense mechanisms (that we in its totality call inflammation) has evolved. The inflammatory response involves a variety of…
Congenital and Developmental Anomalies
Congenital and Developmental Anomalies Congenital anomalies are developmental disorders that are present at birth. Congenital malformations are caused by chromosomal abnormalities, mutant genes, and major environmental factors such as infections,…
An Introduction to Ocular Anatomy and Histology
An Introduction to Ocular Anatomy and Histology A paired, hollow, spherical organ, the human eye is slightly less than an inch in diameter (Fig. 1-1A). Internally, it is divided into…
The Eyelid and Lacrimal Drainage System
13 The Eyelid and Lacrimal Drainage System INTRODUCTION The eyelids are flaps of skin with highly modified epidermal appendages that cover and protect the eye. The structure of the eyelids…
Cornea and Sclera
6 Cornea and Sclera CORNEAL HISTOLOGY The cornea is the principal refractive element of the eye. Its anterior surface is covered by a layer of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium five…
Intraocular Tumors in Adults
11 Intraocular Tumors in Adults MELANOCYTIC TUMORS OF THE UVEAL TRACT Introduction In adults, most intraocular tumors arise from, or involve the uveal tract, the eye’s middle coat composed of…
