Congenital and Pediatric Retinal Diseases Nikolas J.S. London Richard S. Kaiser Retinopathy of Prematurity Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a proliferative retinopathy of premature, low-birth-weight infants. Epidemiology and Etiology Despite…

Peripheral Retinal Disease James F. Vander Retinal Break or Tear Retinal break or tear describes a full-thickness defect in the retina, generally in the retinal periphery, although the break may…

Retinal Vascular Disease Gary C. Brown Cotton-Wool Spots Cotton-wool spots describe the retinal change resulting from acute blockage of blood flow within a terminal retinal arteriole. Epidemiology and Etiology The…

Diabetic Retinopathy James F. Vander Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetic retinopathy encompasses a broad range of fundus manifestations of diabetes mellitus. This is a clinical term that includes exudative, hemorrhagic, ischemic, proliferative,…

Retinal Degenerations and Dystrophies Mithlesh C. Sharma Allen C. Ho Best’s Disease Best’s disease, also known as vitelliform macular dystrophy, is a macular dystrophy that is clinically characterized by an…

Macular Diseases Nikolas J.S. London Mitchell S. Fineman Macular Epiretinal Membrane Macular epiretinal membrane is an acquired formation of a semitransparent fibrocellular membrane in the macula. Epidemiology and Etiology Macular…

Traumatic and Toxic Retinopathies J. Luigi Borrillo Carl D. Regillo Commotio Retinae Commotio retinae is retinal whitening that occurs after blunt ocular trauma. This transient condition affects the outer retina….

Retinal and Choroidal Tumors Franco M. Recchia Astrocytic Hamartoma Astrocytic hamartoma is a congenital, minimally progressive, benign tumor arising from the glial cells of the retina and usually located around…