Autosomal recessive condition caused by a deficiency of the enzyme ceruloplasmin  Onset under age 40 years Symptoms  Usually no ocular symptoms  May experience cirrhosis, renal disease, or neurologic dysfunction (typically…

 EBM dystrophy is due to an abnormality of production of epithelial basement membrane that extends into the epithelium, leading to multiple basement membranes in the corneal epithelium. Trapped epithelial cells…

 Ultraviolet exposure  Chronic dryness and hot, dusty environment  These factors lead to elastotic degeneration of the substantia propria of the conjunctiva, resulting in subepithelial proliferation of fibrovascular tissue, initially on…

 Infant horizontal corneal diameter less than 10 mm; adult horizontal corneal diameter less than 11 mm (Fig. 3-1)  Shallow anterior chamber, angle-closure or open-angle glaucoma, corneal flattening, and hyperopia  May…

 Corneal arcus is a very common, bilateral condition that may be either age-related (arcus senilis) or associated with hyperlipidemia in younger individuals (arcus lipoides).  Lipid deposits begin inferiorly, then superiorly,…

 Idiopathic  Collagen vascular diseases  Rosacea  Gout  Herpes zoster, herpes simplex, syphilis Symptoms  Acute onset of redness, mild irritation, tearing, rarely, pain Signs  Simple episcleritis  Sectorial or diffuse hyperemia, primarily involving…

 Sporadic or autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance Symptoms  Gradually decreasing vision, typically beginning in adolescence and progressing into adult life  Patients often relate a history of not being able to…