Figure 17.1 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a homodimeric glycoprotein that is secreted in response to hypoxia and ischemia. VEGF induces angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Arrows show the binding…

Figure 26.1 Light is transmitted through the anterior segment of the eye to reach the posterior elements and reaches the electrodes at either the subretinal or epiretinal layer. Sakaguchi and…

Adapted from Finger PT, Berson A, Ng T, Szechter A. Ophthalmic plaque radiotherapy for age-related macular degeneration associated with subretinal neovascularization. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127(2):170–177. Tear Film Disruption Studies have…

Figure 12.1 Optical diagram of the fundus spectrophotometer. EA, confocal excitation; DA, detection apertures; S, shutters; IR, infrared. A fundus camera with a bandpass filter from 535 to 580 nm…

Figure 13.1 Spectral-domain OCT image demonstrating location of retinal layers in a healthy subject. Note black arrows denoting nerve fiber layer, inner plexiform layer, outer plexiform layer, external limiting membrane,…

Figure 7.1 Representative images of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Pigment epithelial detachment (A) and subretinal hemorrhage (B) are common manifestations. C. Subretinal lipid is often observed. D. In some patients,…

Figure 5.1 Histopathological changes in the two main forms of AMD. This diagram is showing the structural and functional changes of a normal RPE cell when developing dry or wet…

Figure 16.1 Pegaptanib structure and target binding. A. Sequence and predicted secondary structure of pegaptanib. 2′-O-methylated purines are shown in red, 2′-fluorine-modified pyrimidines are shown in blue, and unmodified ribonucleotides…