Leukocoria or cat’s eye reflex 45 % Strabismus 25 % Inflammatory symptoms (preseptal cellulitis) 10 % Poor vision 10 % Screening due to family history 5 % Incidental detection 5…

Fig. 4.1 Three genetic forms of retinoblastoma. The vast majority of familial and sporadic heritable retinoblastomas are bilateral. However, 10–15 % are unilateral. Arrow indicates the index child or proband,…

Fig. 13.1 Schematic view of the natural history of intraocular retinoblastoma growth with respect to the invasion of five clinically recognizable anatomic sites: (a) retina, (b) retrohyaloid space, (c) subretinal…

Group Subgroup Descriptor Prognosis Group I Ia Solitary tumor < 4 DD at or behind the equator Very favorable Ib Multiple tumors, none > 4 DD, all at or behind the equator Group II…

Treatment Indication Complications Photocoagulation Primary treatment, consolidation treatment, and for tumor recurrence Tumor seeding into vitreous, retinal fibrosis and traction, retinal vascular occlusion Tumors not more than 3 mm in…

Fig. 17.1 Primary orbital retinoblastoma. Orbital extension of an intraocular retinoblastoma at the initial clinical presentation, manifesting as massive proptosis (a). Computed tomography scan confirmed an orbital mass (b) 17.3.2…

Incidence may be higher Advanced intraocular disease at presentation Extraocular disease at presentation Delayed diagnosis Existence of several barriers to optimal delivery of care Poor survival rate International collaborative efforts…

Fig. 12.1 Super-selective catheterization of the ophthalmic artery (Reproduced with permission from Jabbour et al. [33]) 12.4 Current Results Abramson’s initial report was that of a phase I/II trial of…

Fig. 11.1 Pretreatment group B retinoblastoma (a). Note reduction in tumor volume 3 weeks after the administration of the first cycle of carboplatin, etoposide, and vincristine (b). Focal consolidation may…

Fig. 8.1 This pedigree represents an apparently sporadic bilateral retinoblastoma in the proband, but genetic testing of the parent revealed that the unaffected mother is mosaic for the RB1 mutation….