Fig. 40.1 Phase contrast microscopy. Brightfield (left) and phase contrast (right) images of a diatom. These are the oldest phase contrast micrographs from Zernike and were taken in 1932 (Figure…
Fig. 21.1 External cavity laser with reflective Fabry-Perot MEMS tunable filter Many rapidly swept lasers exhibit a preference for tuning short to long wavelength [4–6]. They have higher power and…
Fig. 9.1 Resolution limits of OCT. OCT can achieve high-axial resolutions independent of numerical aperture. Using low-coherence interferometry, the axial resolution is inversely proportional to the bandwidth of the light…
Fig. 24.1 Circuit diagram of a standard tunable laser/swept laser [14, 27]. A laser resonator/oscillator is an optical feedback loop. Inserting a tunable optical bandpass filter enables wavelength tuning [14]…
Fig. 51.1 Multi-scale biomedical imaging modalities and platforms for multimodal imaging (indicated by “⇔”). PET positron-emission tomography, SPECT single-photon emission computerized tomography, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray CT X-ray computerized…
(44.1) where j is the pixel number index of the CCD camera in the spectrometer, t is the timing when an A-line is captured, E R is the light reflected…
Fig. 59.1 Relative orientation of the axial scan (A-scan), en face scan (T-scan), longitudinal section (B-scan), and en face or transverse section (C-scan) (Reproduced with OSA’s permission from [1] and…
(5.1) with e the electron charge; P ref and P sample , respectively, the reference arm and sample arm power per detector element at the detection arm fiber tip; τ…
(43.1) where Δf(x, y, z) is the mean Doppler frequency shift between time t and t+τ and at a sample location of x (fast scan direction), y (slow scan direction),…
Fig. 36.1 Absorption spectra of common chromophores in human tissue, total tissue absorption, and tissue scattering for biologically normal concentrations (Data obtained from Ref [44]). Scattering is assumed to follow…
