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Fig. 21.1 External cavity laser with reflective Fabry-Perot MEMS tunable filter Many rapidly swept lasers exhibit a preference for tuning short to long wavelength [4–6]. They have higher power and…

Fig. 9.1 Resolution limits of OCT. OCT can achieve high-axial resolutions independent of numerical aperture. Using low-coherence interferometry, the axial resolution is inversely proportional to the bandwidth of the light…

Fig. 24.1 Circuit diagram of a standard tunable laser/swept laser [14, 27]. A laser resonator/oscillator is an optical feedback loop. Inserting a tunable optical bandpass filter enables wavelength tuning [14]…

Fig. 51.1 Multi-scale biomedical imaging modalities and platforms for multimodal imaging (indicated by “⇔”). PET positron-emission tomography, SPECT single-photon emission computerized tomography, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray CT X-ray computerized…

(44.1) where j is the pixel number index of the CCD camera in the spectrometer, t is the timing when an A-line is captured, E R is the light reflected…

Fig. 59.1 Relative orientation of the axial scan (A-scan), en face scan (T-scan), longitudinal section (B-scan), and en face or transverse section (C-scan) (Reproduced with OSA’s permission from [1] and…

(5.1) with e the electron charge; P ref and P sample , respectively, the reference arm and sample arm power per detector element at the detection arm fiber tip; τ…

(43.1) where Δf(x, y, z) is the mean Doppler frequency shift between time t and t+τ and at a sample location of x (fast scan direction), y (slow scan direction),…

Fig. 36.1 Absorption spectra of common chromophores in human tissue, total tissue absorption, and tissue scattering for biologically normal concentrations (Data obtained from Ref [44]). Scattering is assumed to follow…

(30.1) where is the speckle field amplitude that varies spatially and is the speckle phase that also varies spatially. The optic axis of the speckle field is defined by the…