Areas of Fundus Whitening: Geographic Whitening
7 Areas of Fundus Whitening: Geographic WhiteningQUAN DONG NGUYEN AND DIANA VAN DO What Is Fundus Whitening, and Why Does It Exist? Caucasians often have orange–yellow fundi, whereas persons with…
Brown-Black Lesions: Fine Hyperpigmented Spots
9 Brown–Black Lesions: Fine Hyperpigmented SpotsMARCIA D. CARNEY Hyperpigmented Spots What are some of the disease associations with hyperpigmented lesions of the fundus? Fine, hyperpigmented lesions of the fundus may…
Intraocular Mass
SECTION III Intraocular Mass, or Lesions Associated with an Elevated Retinal Surface 15 Intraocular MassNARIMAN SHARARA, INGRID U. SCOTT, AND JOAN O’BRIEN Retinoblastoma What Are the Incidence and Epidemiology of…
Areas of Fundus Whitening: White or Yellow Spots
SECTION II Lesions Associated with a Flat or Minimally Elevated Retinal Surface 6 Areas of Fundus Whitening: White or Yellow SpotsAMY S. NOFFKE AND LEE M. JAMPOL Acute Posterior Multifocal…
Orange–Red and Gray Lesions in the Fundus
10 Orange–Red and Gray Lesions in the FundusJONATHAN SHEINDLIN What Are Gray or Orange Lesions in the Fundus? Gray and orange–red lesions in the fundus represent localized or, at times,…
Thickened or Elevated Macular Retina
16 Thickened or Elevated Macular RetinaBYRON S. LADD AND MICHAEL J. COONEY Thickened or Elevated Macular Retina What Are the Symptoms of a Thickened or Elevated Macular Retina? Multiple symptoms…
Abnormal-Appearing Retinal Vessels
13 Abnormal-Appearing Retinal VesselsMITRA AYAZIFAR AND LORY SNADY-MCCOY Congenital Tortuosity of the Retinal Vessels (Nonaneurysmal Congenital Anomalies) What Are Arterial Vascular Anomalies? The arterial circulation of the retina, with the…
Pigmented Lesions of the Fundus: Discrete Small to Medium Size
8 Pigmented Lesions of the Fundus: Discrete Small to Medium SizeCAROLINE R. BAUMAL AND BRAD J. BAKER What Is “Normal” Fundus Pigmentation? The natural pigmentation of the fundus is provided…
Clinical Examination of the Ocular Fundus
4 Clinical Examination of the Ocular FundusRICHARD F. SPAIDE AND SILVANA NEGRAO Many kinds of diseases can affect the posterior segment of the eyes. To make a correct diagnosis and…
Macular Membranes and Holes
14 Macular Membranes and HolesTIN AUNG WAY, RICHARD AHUJA, AND SCOTT M. STEIDL Macular Holes What Is a Macular Hole? A macular hole is a central retinal hole that may…
