The Lacrimal System
The Lacrimal System Edward H. Bedrossian Jr. The precorneal tear film is essential for maintaining normal function of the cornea as well as the refractive optical integrity of the eye….
Visual Function Testing: Clinical Correlations
Visual Function Testing: Clinical Correlations Eliot L. Berson Visual function tests provide criteria to determine the extent and type of retinal malfunction in patients with retinal disease. This chapter provides…
The Pupil: Physiology and Function
The Pupil: Physiology and Function Rockefeller S.L. Young Kenn A. Freedman Optical Aspects The pupil, the aperture stop of the eye, is part of the optical system that includes the…
The Choroid
The Choroid Alon Harris Adam Moss Rita Ehrlich Introduction The uveal tract is the vascular coat of the eye, situated between the sclera and the neuroepithelium. The uveal tract is…
Physiology of the Optic Nerve
Physiology of the Optic Nerve Leonard A. Levin The optic nerve is not a peripheral nerve but a white matter tract of the central nervous system (CNS), which projects outside…
Entoptic Imagery and Afterimages
Entoptic Imagery and Afterimages Gary L. Trick Alaina Kronenberg The term entoptic phenomena, derived from the Greek for “things perceived within vision,” refers to the visual sensations that arise from…
Embryology and Anatomy of the Orbit and Lacrimal System
Embryology and Anatomy of the Orbit and Lacrimal System Ann P. Murchison Jurij R. Bilyk Frederick A. Jakobiec EMBRYOLOGY The optic cup and subsequent optic vesicle determine the formation of…
Electrical Signals of the Retina and Visual Cortex
Electrical Signals of the Retina and Visual Cortex Neal S. Peachey Vision begins when the retina converts light into a neural signal. This process begins in the rod and cone…
Metabolism and Photochemistry of The Retina
Metabolism and Photochemistry of The Retina Muayyad R. Al-Ubaidi Robert E. Anderson David M. Sherry The retina is a thin, delicate, transparent tissue that lines the posterior of the eye…
