Ento Key

Nerve Blocks 101 In a 1998 article titled “How to Block and Tackle the Face”1, I presented a system for facile nerve blocks that would allow the surgeon to be…

Intranasal The purpose of these dissections relates to two subjects: 1 The relation and course of the nasolacrimal apparatus into the nose. 2 How to perform a sphenopalatine (pterygopalatine) ganglion…

Floor of the Orbit and Course of the Infraorbital Nerve 1 The zygomatic branch of the maxillary nerve leaves the infraorbital branch soon after the entrance to the inferior orbital…

Some Thoughts on the Orbicularis Oculi HOW TO APPROACH THE MEDIAL ORBITAL WALL FOR FRACTURE OR DECOMPRESSION 1 The lower orbicularis oculi muscle is attached to the orbital rim medially…

Superomedial Zone 1 The corrugators, proceri, and frontalis muscles are innervated by the frontal (temporal) branches of the facial nerve on each side. The depressor supercilii and medial orbicularis oculi…

Lockwood’s Ligament/Whitnall’s Ligament LOCKWOOD’S LIGAMENT 1 The lower lid tarsus is 3.5 to 4 mm. Lockwood’s ligament is about 20 mm back from the inferior tarsal border. 2 Lockwood’s ligament…

Supraorbital Nerve Nuances/Dissections from Above 1 The supraorbital foramen/notch varies from 2.3 to 2.7 cm from the midline in men and 2.2 to 2.5 cm from the midline in women….

Lower Lid Retractors 1 The lower lid retractors are fascial extensions (the capsulopalpebral fascia) off the inferior rectus muscle, which inserts into the lower tarsal plate, an analog of the…

Special Section Introduction Over the last few years, certain anatomic structures have gleaned renewed attention. They have, in my opinion, been properly discussed, and yet, the presentations of the anatomy…

ROOF and Beyond (Superolateral Zone) The “ROOF”—Retro-orbicularis oculi fat 1 Below the superolateral orbicularis oculi (preseptal and orbital part) and suborbicularis fascia, but above the orbital septum, the retro-orbicularis oculi…