Ento Key

Normal anatomy, embryology, and congenital anomalies of the esophagus are discussed in this article. The classification, epidemiology, embryology, diagnosis, and management, including outcome following repair of esophageal atresia with or…

Congenital cervical anomalies are important to consider in the differential of head and neck masses in children and adults. These lesions can present as palpable cystic masses, infected masses, draining…

Congenital laryngeal anomalies are relatively rare. However, they may present with life-threatening respiratory problems in the newborn period. Associated problems with phonation and swallowing may prevent a baby from thriving….

Congenital tracheal lesions are rare, but important, causes of morbidity in infants and children. Consequently, experience in their management is limited and dispersed. Given its small diameter, the juvenile trachea…

The nose is a prominent feature of the human face. Congenital malformations of the nose, whether functional or anatomic, affect the physiologic and psychologic wellness of children who have these…

Congenital malformations may affect any part of the eye and the ocular adnexa. Developmental defects may occur in isolation or as part of a larger systemic malformation syndrome. Many malformations…

The development of the middle and inner ear highlights the intricacy of embryology. As early as 3 weeks after fertilization, the inner ear begins taking form. This process, along with…

Microtia and congenital aural atresia (CAA) are congenital anomalies that are so common that every otolaryngologist should be familiar with the initial evaluation and care of the patient. When one…

Patients who have cleft lip or palate face significant lifelong communicative and aesthetic challenges and difficulties with deglutition. Management of patients who have orofacial clefting requires an understanding of the…