Fig. 1 Normal trachea with rigid cartilaginous support Other abnormalities associated with tracheomalacia include a variety of syndromes and additional aerodigestive, cardiac, and neurologic anomalies (Table 1). In their series,…

Fig. 1 Frontal view (a) from a contrast esophagogram shows a smooth round impression on the right side of the upper esophagus due to a right aortic arch (arrow). On…

Double aortic arch Right arch dominant Left arch dominant Balanced double arch Right aortic arch Mirror image branching Retroesophageal left subclavian artery Circumflex aorta Pulmonary artery sling Innominate artery compression…

Fig. 1 Eight-year-old male h/o pyriform aperture stenosis with an associated solitary central median maxillary incisor Mild cases of PAS may be treated conservatively with humidification and topical nasal decongestants….

Fig. 1 Multi-level acquired subglottic stenosis in a 4-month-old child intubated during infection with respiratory syncytial virus Since not all intubated neonates develop SGS, theorized risk factors for subsequent scarring…

Fig. 1 Photo of arhinia Initial management of arhinia may require tracheotomy to provide a safe airway with deferred surgical planning as a child or adolescent once the degree of…

Site of primary airway anomaly Syndrome Nasal Cavity and Midface Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis CHARGE syndrome Craniosynostosis syndromes (Crouzon, Apert, Pfeiffer) Oromandibular Stickler syndrome Treacher Collins syndrome Craniofacial microsomia…

Congenital Acquired Chiari malformation, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), or other CNS pathology Iatrogenic (patent ductus arteriosus ligation, cervical or cardiothoracic surgery, traumatic delivery) Congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) Arytenoid dislocation Familial inheritance…

Fig. 1 Endoscopic views of a child with long-segment complete tracheal rings. (a) View showing beginning of rings; (b) view showing mid-section of rings; (c) view showing distal segment of…