16 Laboratory Techniques, Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry SPECIMEN HANDLING IN THE OPHTHALMIC PATHOLOGY LABORATORY This chapter discusses the basic principles of practical ocular histopathology and summarizes techniques used in the…
4 Ocular Trauma Many eyes that are enucleated have a past history of nonsurgical or surgical trauma. The eye can be totally destroyed by severe injuries that violate the integrity…
15 Optic Nerve DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES Developmental anomalies of the optic nerve include optic nerve aplasia and hypoplasia, optic pits, optic nerve colobomas, and the morning glory syndrome. Bilateral hypoplasia is…
2 Congenital and Developmental Anomalies INTRODUCTION Congenital anomalies are developmental disorders that are present at birth. Congenital malformations are caused by chromosomal abnormalities, mutant genes, and major environmental factors such…
1 An Introduction to Ocular Anatomy and Histology A paired, hollow, spherical organ, the human eye is slightly less than an inch in diameter (Fig. 1-1A). Internally, it is divided…
Management of Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy DIAGNOSIS Physical Examination Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) is also known as background diabetic retinopathy in the internal medicine literature. While the term, “nonproliferative” suggests a…
Management of Clinically Significant Macular Edema or Diabetic Macular Edema Diagnosis Diabetic macular edema is the most frequent cause of visual loss in patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Approximately 50,000…
Management of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy When one third of the diabetic population does not appreciate that they have diabetes, it is common for retinal specialists to see patients who present…
