Bitot’s spots are considered a sign of past or present vitamin A deficiency; however, some patients do not respond to vitamin therapy. Patients with Bitot’s spots appear with disfigured conjunctiva,…

tosis has many causes. One convenient classification is infantile ptosis and adult ptosis. Ptosis is an indication for conjunctival-route levator plication, whether the ptosis is mild, moderate, or severe. The…

n unusual-looking nodule at the limbus should always lead you to suspect a malignancy, and it must be removed in toto. It is important to achieve clean margins when removing…

acial palsy, which usually affects only one side of the face, is a primary indication for tarsorrhaphy. In facial palsy, the blink reflex is affected and the front surface of…

apsulorrhexis has been the most favored form of capsulotomy over the past two decades.1 Capsulorrhexis produces the strongest capsulotomy rim of any capsulotomy to date because it produces a continuous…

y colleagues and I have successfully used the Fugo blade to remove a large nevus along the limbus of a 2-year-old patient. TECHNIQUE Anesthesia Administer general anesthesia. Surgical Technique At…

rachoma is one of the most common causes of upper eyelid entropion and trichiasis. The corneal lesions result either as sequelae of eyelid deformity or from dryness of the eye…

he medial ends of both the superior and the inferior lids contain a punctum. The puncta are situated on a slightly elevated platform, called the “lacrimal papillae,” and face posteriorly,…

he term anterior blepharitis refers to inflammation of the eyelashes and follicles. Posterior blepharitis refers to meibomian gland dysfunction. Blepharitis often is associated with systemic diseases such as rosacea, as…

sebaceous cyst is caused by obstruction of the gland of Zeiss, the meibomian gland, or the sebaceous glands associated with the hair follicles of the eyelid. Sebaceous cysts are solid…