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Concomitant Esodeviations Paul R. Mitchell Marshall M. Parks* *Marshall M. Parks, M.D., (1916–2005), was the original author of this chapter first published in Duane’s Clinical Ophthalmology in 1976 and revised…

Amblyopia and Its Management Scott E. Olitsky David K. Coats Amblyopia is derived from Greek and means “dullness of vision.” Amblyopia is a unilateral or, less commonly, bilateral reduction of…

Sensory Tests and Treatment of Binocular Vision Adaptations Paul R. Mitchell Marshall M. Parks Before treatment of the sensory status in a strabismic patient, it must be diagnosed. Diagnosis of…

Binocular Vision Adaptations in Strabismus Marshall M. Parks Strabismus patients with established binocular vision before the onset of misaligned eyes may adapt their binocular vision to conform to the deviation…

Alignment Marshall M. Parks Christopher J. Kelly Paul R. Mitchell Ophthalmologists must have a thorough understanding of eye alignment, not only for the management of eye conditions, but also for…

Binocular Vision Gerhard W. Cibis Malcolm Ing Most organisms have pairs of eyes; a single eye or cyclopia is almost nonexistent. Some lower animal forms have multiple eyes. Not all…

Extraocular Muscles Joseph L. Demer The extraocular muscles (EOMs) play a vital role in the visual system, providing both static adjustment of binocular alignment necessary to enable stereopsis and also…

Supranuclear Control of Eye Movements Michael X. Repka Supranuclear centers, located in the brainstem, the cerebellum, the basal ganglia, and the cerebral cortex, direct the movements of the eyes.1 These…