Entropion of the Upper Eyelid
rachoma is one of the most common causes of upper eyelid entropion and trichiasis. The corneal lesions result either as sequelae of eyelid deformity or from dryness of the eye…
Dysfunction of the Meibomian Glands
he term anterior blepharitis refers to inflammation of the eyelashes and follicles. Posterior blepharitis refers to meibomian gland dysfunction. Blepharitis often is associated with systemic diseases such as rosacea, as…
Congenital or Acquired Punctal Atresia and Canaliculus Closure
he medial ends of both the superior and the inferior lids contain a punctum. The puncta are situated on a slightly elevated platform, called the “lacrimal papillae,” and face posteriorly,…
Sebaceous Cyst
sebaceous cyst is caused by obstruction of the gland of Zeiss, the meibomian gland, or the sebaceous glands associated with the hair follicles of the eyelid. Sebaceous cysts are solid…
The Origins of the Fugo Blade
fter receiving my PhD in neurophysiology and biophysics, I pursued my medical degree in ophthalmology at Hahnemann University in Philadelphia. Upon graduating in 1979, I started my private practice in…
The Eyelid and Lacrimal Drainage System
13 The Eyelid and Lacrimal Drainage System INTRODUCTION The eyelids are flaps of skin with highly modified epidermal appendages that cover and protect the eye. The structure of the eyelids…
Cornea and Sclera
6 Cornea and Sclera CORNEAL HISTOLOGY The cornea is the principal refractive element of the eye. Its anterior surface is covered by a layer of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium five…
Intraocular Tumors in Adults
11 Intraocular Tumors in Adults MELANOCYTIC TUMORS OF THE UVEAL TRACT Introduction In adults, most intraocular tumors arise from, or involve the uveal tract, the eye’s middle coat composed of…
