Ento Key

 ALTERNATIVES Medical Therapy Laser skin resurfacing reduces periorbital wrinkling but cannot address significant tissue redundancy or prolapse. Surgery Browplasty: Brow ptosis (age-related sagging of the brows) may contribute significantly to…

Defects that affect the full stromal thickness and/or endothelial layer Late stage or acute keratoconus Accidental penetration of the anterior chamber during a lamellar procedure Emergency treatment of a perforated…

Nonvalved Implants Molteno: The original drainage device, introduced in 1969. A third-generation model is available as a 175-mm2 or 230-mm2 single plate, made of rigid polypropylene (FIG. 5.1.1C). Older models…

 INDICATIONS Intravitreal injections are an increasingly common therapeutic tool for addressing various retinal pathologies. Examples include: Antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents for neovascular (“wet”) age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or…

Canthotomy: After removing the hemostat, the crushed tissue is incised with laterally directed scissors (FIG. 9.1.2). Cantholysis: The inferior limb of the canthal tendon is placed on tension with toothed…

 RELEVANT ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Lens Overview (FIG. 4.1.2) Origin: The lens is formed by embryologic invagination of the surface ectoderm. Attachments: The equator of the lens capsule is suspended by…

Muscle origins: All four rectus muscles originate from the Annulus of Zinn, a fibrous ring that encloses the optic canal and nerve at the orbital apex. The superior oblique and…