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7 Fundus Autofluorescence Miki Sawa R. Theodore Smith Lawrence A. Yannuzzi   Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells are essential to maintain normal photoreceptor function. The RPE has the important task…

32 Radiotherapy Treatment for Age-Related Macular Degeneration Raul Velez-Montoya Virgilio Morales-Canton Hugo Quiroz-Mercado   INTRODUCTION Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex disease and difficult to define. Since its first…

11 Pattern Scan Laser (PASCAL) Photocoagulation Raul Velez-Montoya Gerardo García-Aguirre Mark Blumenkranz Hugo Quiroz-Mercado   INTRODUCTION Thirty years ago, in the 1970s, the Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) established the foundation…

17 25-Gauge Vitrectomy for Macular Surgery Steve Charles   Sutureless, 25-gauge (25G) vitrectomy was initially utilized by most surgeons for epimacular membranes, macular holes, and vitreomacular traction syndromes, as well…

8 Retinal Imaging: Optical Coherence Tomography Andre J. Witkin Jay S. Duker Elias Reichel Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high-resolution cross-sectional imaging technique that has become a standard in…

25 Macular Edema Associated with Idiopathic Telangiectasias and Macroaneurysm Peter Liggett Nauman Chaudry   PARAFOVEAL TELANGIECTASIS “Retinal telangiectasis” is a term first proposed by Reese in 1956 (1) to describe…

6 Indocyanine Green Angiography of the Ocular Fundus Michael D. Ober Howard F. Fine Louis Chang Christina M. Klais Lawrence A. Yannuzzi   Fluorescein angiography (FA) has revolutionized the diagnosis,…

26 Macular Edema Associated with Ocular Inflammatory Diseases J. Peter Campbell Diana V. Do Quan Dong Nguyen   Cystoid macular edema (CME) is one of the most common causes of…