The Cross Cylinder
The Cross Cylinder Stuart E. Wunsh The invention of the cross cylinder can be traced back to the early 19th century. In 1837, the astronomer Sir George Biddle Airy1 made…
Prescribing Multifocal Lenses
Prescribing Multifocal Lenses James E. Sheedy Bret J. Andre Multifocal spectacle lenses are primarily used in the treatment of presbyopia. Secondary usages include treatment of esophoria and pre-presbyopic accommodative dysfunctions…
Glare and Contrast Sensitivity Testing
Glare and Contrast Sensitivity Testing Edmond H. Thall David Miller Humberto Salinas INTRODUCTION One of the most vexing clinical problems commonly encountered is the patient with vague but definite visual…
Retinoscopy
Retinoscopy Jonathan D. Wirtschafter Gary S. Schwartz Retinoscopy is the most practical, manual method of objective refraction. Classic textbooks of ophthalmology1 and visual optics2,3 have stressed that the practice of…
Optical Correction of Childhood Aphakia
Optical Correction of Childhood Aphakia Scott R. Lambert Eric W. Hein Introduction The optical correction of childhood aphakia with an intraocular lens (IOL) has become the method of choice in…
The Optics of Myopia
The Optics of Myopia Wayne G. Whitmore The optical correction of the myopic eye can present unique and frustrating management problems. An understanding of the optical considerations that govern the…
Cycloplegic Refraction
Cycloplegic Refraction Leonard Apt William L. Gaffney Introduction The refracting power of the eye results from the static power of the eye (the combined ability of the cornea and the…
