Binocular Vision
Binocular Vision Gerhard W. Cibis Malcolm Ing Most organisms have pairs of eyes; a single eye or cyclopia is almost nonexistent. Some lower animal forms have multiple eyes. Not all…
Extraocular Muscles
Extraocular Muscles Joseph L. Demer The extraocular muscles (EOMs) play a vital role in the visual system, providing both static adjustment of binocular alignment necessary to enable stereopsis and also…
Supranuclear Control of Eye Movements
Supranuclear Control of Eye Movements Michael X. Repka Supranuclear centers, located in the brainstem, the cerebellum, the basal ganglia, and the cerebral cortex, direct the movements of the eyes.1 These…
Innervation of the Extraocular Muscles
Innervation of the Extraocular Muscles Michael X. Repka The third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves innervate six extraocular muscles in each orbit. These muscles are responsible for controlling the ocular…
Eye Movements and Positions
Eye Movements and Positions Joseph L. Demer Support: Supported by U.S. Public Health Service, National Eye Institute: grant EY-08313 and core grant EY-00331. J. Demer is Leonard Apt Professor of…
