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Optic Nerve Disorders Optic neuropathies are generally classified as anterior, those in which the optic nerve head is swollen, and posterior, those in which there is decreased optic nerve function…

Ocular Misalignment and Other Ocular Motor Disorders CRANIAL NERVE III PALSY (OCULOMOTOR NERVE) Cranial nerve III (CN III) innervates the superior, inferior, medial recti, and the inferior oblique muscles. It…

Pupil BASICS ANATOMY The pupil receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation. The sympathetic input dilates the pupil and the parasympathetic input constricts it. Therefore, a sympathetic paresis will produce pupillary…

Orbital Disease of Neuro-Ophthalmic Significance Jurij R. Bilyk THYROID EYE DISEASE Graves’ disease is defined as the triad of hyperthyroidism (diffuse thyroid enlargement), orbitopathy, and pretibial myxedema. ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY…

Optic Chiasm The optic nerves elevate, and move medially as they extend intracranially to form the optic chiasm. The optic chiasm, which is the confluence of the optic nerves, sits…

Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination—Efferent System Disorders of the efferent visual system result in either ocular misalignment or abnormalities in ocular motility without ocular misalignment. The most frequent symptom that prompts a neuro-ophthalmologic…

Retrochiasmal Disorders The predominant visual sign of any lesion involving the postchiasmal visual pathway is the homonymous hemianopia. The form of the homonymous hemianopia will differ depending on what portion…

Nonphysiologic Visual Loss Patients may present with complaints that mimic organic disease but are factitious. The diagnosis requires demonstrating normal or better than stated visual function. Furthermore, it is important…

Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Ophthalmologist Kiran S. Talekar Adam E. Flanders The superior contrast resolution and multiplanar capabilities of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) make it uniquely qualified for the…