Fig. 2.1 Leukocoria due to cataract induced by a chronic retinal detachment Table 2.1 Differential diagnosis of childhood leukocoria 1. Tumors Retinoblastoma Medulloepithelioma Leukemia Combined retinal hamartoma Astrocytic hamartoma (Bourneville’s…
Advanced stage disease at diagnosis Early-stage disease at diagnosis when focal therapy is contraindicated or not available Recurrence after focal therapy Recurrence after chemotherapy Post-enucleation with positive margins Orbital extension…
Fig. 16.1 Patterns of tumor growth. Endophytic growth pattern with tumor arising from retina (arrows) and invading the vitreous (a). Notice the formation of vitreous seeds(*), which are small pieces…
Leukocoria or cat’s eye reflex 45 % Strabismus 25 % Inflammatory symptoms (preseptal cellulitis) 10 % Poor vision 10 % Screening due to family history 5 % Incidental detection 5…
Fig. 4.1 Three genetic forms of retinoblastoma. The vast majority of familial and sporadic heritable retinoblastomas are bilateral. However, 10–15 % are unilateral. Arrow indicates the index child or proband,…
Fig. 13.1 Schematic view of the natural history of intraocular retinoblastoma growth with respect to the invasion of five clinically recognizable anatomic sites: (a) retina, (b) retrohyaloid space, (c) subretinal…
Treatment Indication Complications Photocoagulation Primary treatment, consolidation treatment, and for tumor recurrence Tumor seeding into vitreous, retinal fibrosis and traction, retinal vascular occlusion Tumors not more than 3 mm in…
Fig. 17.1 Primary orbital retinoblastoma. Orbital extension of an intraocular retinoblastoma at the initial clinical presentation, manifesting as massive proptosis (a). Computed tomography scan confirmed an orbital mass (b) 17.3.2…
Group Subgroup Descriptor Prognosis Group I Ia Solitary tumor < 4 DD at or behind the equator Very favorable Ib Multiple tumors, none > 4 DD, all at or behind the equator Group II…
Incidence may be higher Advanced intraocular disease at presentation Extraocular disease at presentation Delayed diagnosis Existence of several barriers to optimal delivery of care Poor survival rate International collaborative efforts…
