Orbital Disease of Neuro-Ophthalmic Significance Jurij R. Bilyk THYROID EYE DISEASE Graves’ disease is defined as the triad of hyperthyroidism (diffuse thyroid enlargement), orbitopathy, and pretibial myxedema. ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY…

Optic Chiasm The optic nerves elevate, and move medially as they extend intracranially to form the optic chiasm. The optic chiasm, which is the confluence of the optic nerves, sits…

Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination—Efferent System Disorders of the efferent visual system result in either ocular misalignment or abnormalities in ocular motility without ocular misalignment. The most frequent symptom that prompts a neuro-ophthalmologic…

Retrochiasmal Disorders The predominant visual sign of any lesion involving the postchiasmal visual pathway is the homonymous hemianopia. The form of the homonymous hemianopia will differ depending on what portion…

Nonphysiologic Visual Loss Patients may present with complaints that mimic organic disease but are factitious. The diagnosis requires demonstrating normal or better than stated visual function. Furthermore, it is important…

Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Ophthalmologist Kiran S. Talekar Adam E. Flanders The superior contrast resolution and multiplanar capabilities of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) make it uniquely qualified for the…

Retinal Artery Occlusion Occlusion of retinal arterioles in the form of a branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) or central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) may be a precursor to further visual…

Visual Fields Testing visual fields is an integral part of the neuro-ophthalmologic examination in any patient with an afferent system problem. In fact, any patient who has decreased vision that…

Examination of the Afferent Visual System The purpose of the neuro-ophthalmic examination is to detect visual abnormalities (acuity or visual field) and to determine if they are due to neuro-ophthalmic…