Retinoblastoma Tumorigenesis
Fig. 6.1 Retinoblastoma arises during retinal development. (a) The mature retina is made up of seven major classes of retinal cell types (rods, cones, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, horizontal neurons,…
OPHTHALMOLOGY
Retinoblastoma: Treatment Options
Author No. eyes Regimen Cycles V eyes EBR Enuc None F/U (months) Gallie [9] 40 VRES 18 4 1 13 3 Kingston [26] 24 VRE 2–4 24 20 6 18…
Non-ocular Tumors
Fig. 19.1 Cumulative incidence of second malignancy following diagnosis of retinoblastoma in patients with hereditary and nonhereditary retinoblastoma (a) and in the hereditary retinoblastoma with and without radiation treatment (b)…
Retinocytoma or Retinoma
Fig. 7.1 The ophthalmoscopic appearance of retinocytoma. Note translucent grayish retinal mass, calcification, retinal pigment epithelial alteration and chorioretinal atrophy (a). Chorioretinal atrophy may not be present in the early…
Retinoblastoma: Metastatic Disease
Fig. 18.1 Retinoblastoma with regional extraocular spread Fig. 18.2 The bone marrow aspiration smear positive for the retinoblastoma cells 18.3 Diagnostic Evaluation Patients suspected to have extraocular retinoblastoma need to…
Children’s Oncology Group (COG) Trials for Retinoblastoma
Fig. 21.1 Group B retinoblastoma superonasal to the optic nerve at staging examination under anesthesia and prior to treatment (a). After the first cycle of CEV systemic chemotherapy (2 days…
Trilateral Retinoblastoma
Fig. 20.1 Brain MRI of a 3-year-old girl with trilateral retinoblastoma. Axial (a), coronal (b), and sagittal (c) sequences show a pineal tumor with secondary hydrocephalus. Resection and subsequent histopathologic…
Retinoblastoma: Enucleation
Fig. 15.1 Key steps in the successful enucleation of a group E eye. Immediately after the peritomy, Tenon’s capsule is being spread widely and deeply between the rectus muscles with…
Conjunctival and Corneal Tumors: Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
Fig. 16.1 A 52-year-old African woman was diagnosed with HIV, with a CD4 count of 56 × 106/mm3 and viral load >100,000 copies/mL. At presentation, a fleshy conjunctival growth extending onto the…
Benign Squamous and Melanocytic Tumors
Types Subtypes Non-melanocytic Benign Squamous cell papilloma Seborrheic keratosis Inverted follicular keratosis Molluscum contagiosum Reactive hyperplasia (pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia) Potentially premalignant Actinic (solar) keratosis Intraepithelial neoplasia Sebaceous nevus (of Jadassohn) Malignant…
