11 Pattern Scan Laser (PASCAL) Photocoagulation Raul Velez-Montoya Gerardo García-Aguirre Mark Blumenkranz Hugo Quiroz-Mercado INTRODUCTION Thirty years ago, in the 1970s, the Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) established the foundation…
17 25-Gauge Vitrectomy for Macular Surgery Steve Charles Sutureless, 25-gauge (25G) vitrectomy was initially utilized by most surgeons for epimacular membranes, macular holes, and vitreomacular traction syndromes, as well…
8 Retinal Imaging: Optical Coherence Tomography Andre J. Witkin Jay S. Duker Elias Reichel Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high-resolution cross-sectional imaging technique that has become a standard in…
25 Macular Edema Associated with Idiopathic Telangiectasias and Macroaneurysm Peter Liggett Nauman Chaudry PARAFOVEAL TELANGIECTASIS “Retinal telangiectasis” is a term first proposed by Reese in 1956 (1) to describe…
6 Indocyanine Green Angiography of the Ocular Fundus Michael D. Ober Howard F. Fine Louis Chang Christina M. Klais Lawrence A. Yannuzzi Fluorescein angiography (FA) has revolutionized the diagnosis,…
26 Macular Edema Associated with Ocular Inflammatory Diseases J. Peter Campbell Diana V. Do Quan Dong Nguyen Cystoid macular edema (CME) is one of the most common causes of…
37 The First Anti-VEGF Therapy: Pegaptanib Sodium Anthony P. Adamis INTRODUCTION Until recently, the treatment of ocular neovascular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and…
