Fig. 9.1 Pathophysiology of thyroid eye disease. Self-tolerance to the autoantigens TSHR and IGF-1R is lost for unclear reasons. Antigen-presenting cells (APC) internalize TSHR and IGF-1R and present them to…
Single system (SS) Multisystem (MS) Unifocal (bone, skin, lymph node) Low risk Multifocal (bone or lymph nodes) High-risk organ involvement (liver, spleen, lung, hematopoietic) Children with SS LCH represent about…
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015Hakan Demirci (ed.)Orbital Inflammatory Diseases and Their Differential DiagnosisEssentials in Ophthalmology10.1007/978-3-662-46528-8_2 2. Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation Hakan Demirci1 (1) Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan,…
Fig. 1.1 Orbit anatomy: (a) pear-shaped 3D model of the orbit; (b, c) axial cross-sectional images of the orbits and the main parameters of the interorbital topographic and anatomic relationships:…
Fig. 3.1 The “hydraulic” theory of the orbital floor fracture (citation from Della Rocca [52]). See explanation in the text: It is an interesting fact that, contrary to the established…
Fig. 2.1 The main views of the skull: (a, b) the anterior and posterior views. The auricular vertical plane runs parallel to the X-ray film holder, while the median sagittal…
Fig. 8.1 The frontobasilar region: (a–c) Borders of the frontobasilar region. (d) Energy required for different facial segments to fracture [150] The basilar region is also subdivided into the central…
Fig. 5.1 Types of NOE fractures: (a) anatomy of the NOE region. (b) Telescopic displacement of nasal bones into the interorbital space. (c) Trajectory of a NOE fracture. (d) Complete…
Fig. 6.1 Zygomaticoorbital fracture: (a) Isolation of the zygomatic bone with respect to four sutures. (b) Fracture lines in a typical zygomaticoorbital fracture: (1) the fracture line starting from the…
Fig. 4.1 Medial wall fractures: (а) “trap-door” fracture. There is some adipose tissue entrapped in the fracture site (arrow), (b) comminuted fracture of the medial wall, (c) comminuted fracture on…
