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Fig. 1.1 Orbit anatomy: (a) pear-shaped 3D model of the orbit; (b, c) axial cross-sectional images of the orbits and the main parameters of the interorbital topographic and anatomic relationships:…

Fig. 3.1 The “hydraulic” theory of the orbital floor fracture (citation from Della Rocca [52]). See explanation in the text: It is an interesting fact that, contrary to the established…

Fig. 2.1 The main views of the skull: (a, b) the anterior and posterior views. The auricular vertical plane runs parallel to the X-ray film holder, while the median sagittal…

Fig. 8.1 The frontobasilar region: (a–c) Borders of the frontobasilar region. (d) Energy required for different facial segments to fracture [150] The basilar region is also subdivided into the central…

Fig. 5.1 Types of NOE fractures: (a) anatomy of the NOE region. (b) Telescopic displacement of nasal bones into the interorbital space. (c) Trajectory of a NOE fracture. (d) Complete…

Fig. 6.1 Zygomaticoorbital fracture: (a) Isolation of the zygomatic bone with respect to four sutures. (b) Fracture lines in a typical zygomaticoorbital fracture: (1) the fracture line starting from the…

Fig. 4.1 Medial wall fractures: (а) “trap-door” fracture. There is some adipose tissue entrapped in the fracture site (arrow), (b) comminuted fracture of the medial wall, (c) comminuted fracture on…

Fig. 7.1 Vertical and horizontal midfacial zygomaticomaxillary buttresses: 1 nasomaxillary buttress, 2 zygomaticomaxillary buttress, 3 pterygomaxillary buttress, 4 fronto-ethmoid-vomerine buttress, 5 frontal buttress, 6 infraorbital buttress, 7 inferior (U-shaped) buttress…