The Pattern Dystrophies
Fig. 2.1 Adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AFVD). (a) Color fundus photograph of a 69-year-old male diagnosed with AFVD. The visual acuity was 0.8 in each eye. Patient was negative for…
Macular Dystrophies: Management and Interventions
Fig. 11.1 RdCVF preserves the morphology of the cone outer segment in P23H rat: (d) untreated control retina and (h) RdCVF-treated retina (Modified from Yang et al. [63]) 11.4 Retinal…
Sorsby Fundus Dystrophy
Fig. 7.1 Bilateral characteristic drusen-like deposits seen in Sorsby fundus dystrophy with areas of macular atrophy Fig. 7.2 Choroidal neovascular membrane complicating Sorsby fundus dystrophy The differential diagnosis includes disorders…
Clinical Examples in Managing Patients Taking 4-Aminoquinolines
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract Overdosing is the most important factor contributing to 4-aminoquinoline retinopathy (4AQR). Proper interpretation of ancillary test results…
Ancillary Testing in Screening for Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine Retinopathy
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract The most important purpose of 4-aminoquinoline retinopathy (4AQR) screening, detecting overdosing, requires no ancillary testing. However, a…
Preclinical Foundations: Relevant Anatomy and Physiology
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract Reviewing the preclinical science relevant to the mechanisms and risk factors for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy can…
Risk Factors for Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine Retinopathy
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract Over 80 % of patients taking 4-aminoquinolines (4AQs) have risk factors for retinopathy. The most important risk…
Natural History of Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine Retinopathy
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract In the United States, screening for 4-aminoquinoline retinopathy (4AQR) is the standard of care. In this environment,…
Pharmacology of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract The 4-aminoquinolines are weak bases that are completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, sequestered in peripheral tissues,…
Toxicology of Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine and the Pathology of the Retinopathy They Cause
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract The 4-aminoquinolines are predictably toxic at high enough concentrations. Toxicity in all tissues derives from derangement of…
