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Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis E. Lee Stock David M. Meisler Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic and debilitating external ocular disease. The name itself reflects two aspects of the disease. Vernal means…

Phlyctenular Keratoconjunctivitis Ira J. Udell Anne S. Steiner Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis is a nodular affliction characterized by the formation of a small, circumscribed lesion at the corneal limbus. Duke-Elder1 referenced accounts…

Neonatal Conjunctivitis (Ophthalmia Neonatorum) Jonathan C. Song Neonatal conjunctivitis is defined as conjunctivitis presenting before 1 month of age (Fig. 1).1 Generally it can be divided into noninfectious and infectious…

Tumors of the Eyelids Brian P. Marr Carol L. Shields Jerry A. Shields The eyelids are a highly specialized region of the ocular adnexa consisting of multiple tissue types, all…

Bacterial Conjunctivitis Lenio S. Alvarenga Barrett Ginsberg Mark J. Mannis Bacterial conjunctivitis is a common form of ocular infection. The incidence and prevalence are difficult to determine, since most patients…

Parinaud’s Oculoglandular Syndrome Elmer Y. Tu Parinaud’s oculoglandular conjunctivitis is a form of follicular, granulomatous conjunctivitis (with or without ulceration), often associated with a visible swollen preauricular and/or submandibular lymph…

Laboratory Diagnosis of Ocular Infectious Disease Russell N. Van Gelder Infectious disease remains a major cause of ocular morbidity throughout the world. Identification of the pathogenic organism responsible for a…

Hypotony Jonathan E. Pederson Hypotony refers to an intraocular pressure below the normal range and is a term lacking strict definition. An intraocular pressure of 6 mm Hg falls three…

Medical Therapy of Glaucoma Simon K. Law Joseph Caprioli The definition of glaucoma has changed considerably over the past several decades. The disease is no longer defined as elevated intraocular…