Bacterial Keratitis Terrence P. O’Brien Keratitis may result from noninfectious stimuli or through exposure to or invasion by infectious organisms. Microbial keratitis is a common, potentially sight-threatening ocular infection caused…
Bacterial Conjunctivitis Scott D. Barnes C. Stephen Foster Bacterial conjunctivitis affects all ages and is seen in all geographic locations, and it is the most common bacterial infection of the…
Bacteriology Regis P. Kowalski Jules L. Baum Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotes and one of the earliest life forms. Although bacteria naturally inhabit many exterior and interior areas of the human…
Epidemiology of Major Cornea and External Diseases Debra A. Schaumberg Matthew Gardiner Oliver D. Schein The epidemiology of cornea and external eye disease is a very broad topic because there…
Clinical Specular Microscopy H. Dwight Cavanagh Patrick M. Ladage W. Matthew Petroll James V. Jester BACKGROUND The corneal endothelium plays a critical role in the maintenance of overall corneal transparency…
Clinical Confocal Microscopy H. Dwight Cavanagh Patrick M. Ladage W. Matthew Petroll James V. Jester BACKGROUND The basic concept of confocal microscopy is derived from a clinical need to look…
Corneal Topography Christopher B. Courville Stephen D. Klyce Corneal surface topography plays a critical role in the performance of the visual system, accounting for two thirds of the eye’s total…
Slit-Lamp Biomicroscopy and Photography Mark P. Hatton Lawrence M. Merin Slit-lamp biomicroscopy of the anterior segment provides the ability to view an illuminated tissue under high magnification. It is not…
Keratometry Michael K. Smolek Stephen D. Klyce Keratometry is the optical process of determining the curvature of the central cornea. Typically, keratometry is expressed as dioptric power (D) or as…
Corneal Pachymetry Joseph J. K. Ma Anthony P. Adamis The term pachymetry is a contraction of two Greek words, pachos (“thick”) and metry (“measure”). Traditionally, the primary role of pachymetry…
