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Optical Coherence Tomography Andre J. Witkin Michael Ip Jay S. Duker Introduced in 1991, optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new technique for the high-resolution cross-sectional imaging of various ocular…

Visual Evoked Potential Gary L. Trick Barry Skarf The visual evoked potential (VEP), also known as the visual evoked response (VER) or the visual evoked cortical potential (VECP), is an…

Electroretinography Ronald E. Carr The standard clinical electroretinogram (ERG) is a recording of the electrical discharges from certain outer retinal layers elicited by a flash of light. The response occurs…

Electro-oculography Ronald E. Carr The electro-oculogram (EOG) is an indirect measure of the standing potential of the eye.1 This standing potential exists because of a voltage difference between the inner…

Color Doppler Imaging in Ophthalmology Mitesh K. Kapadia Suzanne Freitag Robert Sergott Tom Hedges Color Doppler imaging (CDI) combines two-dimensional (2D) ultrasonography with Doppler spectral analysis to evaluate vascular structures…

Ocular Pharmacology of Antiviral Agents Deborah Pavan-Langston Although it is difficult to target viral components without hitting a few cellular components on the way, important advances have been made in…

Periocular Involvement of Papillomavirus and Molluscum Contagiosum Virus David S. Bardenstein Jonathan H. Lass Both human papillomavirus (HPV) and molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) cause squamoproliferative lesions of periocular tissues, and…

Vaccinia R. Mark Buller Jay S. Pepose INTRODUCTION Poxviruses infect the eye during endogenous viremia or after exogenous inoculation from another site. Historically, in unvaccinated individuals, smallpox and human monkeypox…

Adenovirus Jerrod S. Kent Sanjoy K. Gupta William G. Hodge OVERVIEW In the 1950s a novel group of viral agents that were associated with respiratory ailments in humans were discovered….