Fig. 5.1 Simplified representation of the classic hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone, CRF corticotropin-releasing factor. Redrawn and simplified from Basappa et al. (2012) The HPA axis involves adaptation to…

Fig. 7.1 Distinction of patient-reported health status information into prediction and outcome variables Within each group there are several variables of potential interest which can be further differentiated. Figure 7.2…

Fig. 4.1 Peripheral clocks and regulation of circadian physiology. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the major pacemaker of the circadian system that receives photic information directly from the retina and…

Fig. 8.1 The neurophysiological model The neurophysiological model is based on the idea that conditioned fear responses elicited by the tinnitus precept are the cause for tinnitus becoming bothersome. 8.3.3…

Fig. 2.1 Distribution of MR and GR in the cochlear tissues. OHC outer hair cells, IHC inner hair cells, DC Deiters cells, IP inner pillar cells, OP outer pillar cells,…

Fig. 3.1 The types of mental disorders found in tinnitus patients (Zirke et al. 2013a). Every other tinnitus patient was diagnosed with one or more mental conditions. Reprinted from Qual…

Fig. 9.1 Correspondence between patient-reported symptoms of tinnitus and the diagnostic symptoms of anxiety and depression. Symptoms of tinnitus are based on a qualitative analysis of patient-reported complaints collated by…

Medical conditions Otological, infectious Otitis media, labyrinthitis, mastoiditis Otological, neoplastic Vestibular schwannoma, meningioma Otological, labyrinthine Sensorineural hearing loss, Ménière’s disease, vestibular vertigo Otological, other Impacted cerumen, otosclerosis, presbycusis, noise exposure…