Central Serous Chorioretinopathy SALIENT FEATURES Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR or CSR) is associated with corticosteroid use, elevated levels of endogenous steroids, stress, and “type A” personalities. Acute cases are generally…
Dome-Shaped Macula SALIENT FEATURES Dome-shaped macula (DSM) is a forward macular bulging present in select patients with high myopia, with a prevalence of 20% of highly myopic eyes in Japan…
Myopic Degeneration SALIENT FEATURES Myopic degeneration may occur in eyes that typically have a refractive error exceeding -6.00D or axial length of at least 26.5 mm along with posterior pathology…
Angioid Streaks SALIENT FEATURES Angioid streaks (AS) are linear breaks in Bruch membrane that typically radiate from the optic disc and take on a deep red, brown, or gray appearance….
Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy SALIENT FEATURES Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), described by Yannuzzi in 1982, manifests clinically as dilated and branching inner choroidal vessels terminating in reddish-orange aneurysm-like lesions called “polyps”…
Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration SALIENT FEATURES Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of visual impairment in patients older than of 55 years in industrialized countries.1 Neovascular AMD…
Subretinal Drusenoid Deposits SALIENT FEATURES Subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDDs), also known as reticular pseudodrusen, are aggregations of material that exist inside the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). These deposits may penetrate…
Nonexudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration SALIENT FEATURES Nonexudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), otherwise known as “dry AMD,” is associated with the presence of small deposits (ie, drusen), under the macula, and…
Preeclampsia SALIENT FEATURES Preeclampsia is a multisystemic syndrome specific to pregnancy, a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality with complex relations to various organs and systems of…
Hypertensive Retinopathy SALIENT FEATURES Hypertensive retinopathy develops when retinal vascular damage occurs secondary to either hypertensive emergency acutely or chronically elevated blood pressure. Hypertensive retinopathy may be asymptomatic or, in…
