Basic Genetics and Hereditary Syndromes
Figure 2.1 The processes of transcription and translation. DNA is made up of four nucleotides each containing one of four bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). DNA…
OPHTHALMOLOGY
How to refract
Figure 4.1 Correct fitting of a trial frame with each pupil in the centre of each aperture, both horizontally and vertically. Back vertex distance Place a lens (of any value)…
What does refractive error mean?
Figure 3.1 Emmetropia: light from a distant object forms an image on the retina Refractive error (ametropia) ‘Refractive error’ (ametropia) means that an eye does not allow light from a…
How to use a focimeter
Figure 6.1 A focimeter Recording distance prescription Turn the focimeter on and set the focusing wheel to zero. Then turn the viewing eyepiece fully anticlockwise and look down the eyepiece,…
Introduction: a book for ophthalmologists
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> 1 Introduction: a book for ophthalmologists Refraction, like most practical skills, is an art with a scientific basis. Once mastered, it is satisfying…
Final tips for the exam
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> 8 Final tips for the exam More than 2 months before the exam Read this book! Read the Refraction Certificate Examination application details…
Lens neutralisation
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> 7 Lens neutralisation It is possible to establish the spectacle distance and near prescription (and also prismatic component) of a pair of bifocal…
Retinoscopy of a model eye
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> 5 Retinoscopy of a model eye The Refraction Certificate Examination may require you to complete objective refraction (retinoscopy) of a model eye within…
The Refraction Certificate Examination
Room 2 Station 4: Cycloplegic retinoscopy 3 – first eye of a patient. Station 5: Cycloplegic retinoscopy 4 – second eye of the same patient. Station 6: Lens neutralisation with…
Examination and Diagnosis of the Pediatric Patient
SECTION V Special Topics 20 Examination and Diagnosis of the Pediatric PatientMARY ELIZABETH HARTNETT Pediatric Retinal Examination What Are Signs of Retinal Disease in Infants and Children? In many retinal…
