Table 16.1 Clinical description of nystagmus: jerk versus pendular Jerk nystagmus Pendular nystagmus Alternation of slow phase drift followed by a rapid corrective saccade in the opposite direction Sinusoidal oscillation with…
Vascular Drainage of the Orbit and Cavernous Sinus Each cavernous sinus contains a plexus of veins draining the orbits and some of the intracranial veins (▶ Fig. 15.1). The carotid…
▶ Fig. 2.1 diagrams what is seen on examination of the fundus with a direct ophthalmoscope. ▶ Fig. 2.2 shows a patient being examined with a direct PanOptic (Welsh Allyn,…
Transient Binocular Visual Loss 6.1.1 Differential Diagnosis Migrainous Visual Aura Visual aura associated with migraine is the most common cause of transient binocular visual loss (▶ Fig. 6.1). The patient typically…
In this chapter, the term hallucination refers to perception of a stimulus when, in reality, none is present, for example, when a patient with delirium tremens describes seeing bugs and…
Fig. 21.1 Severe constriction of visual fields from chronic untreated papilledema, resulting in legal blindness. The patient’s visual acuity is 20/30 in both eyes, but there is less than 10 degrees…
Clinical Anatomy of the Orbit All orbital structures can be involved in orbital lesions (▶ Fig. 14.1). Because the orbit is an enclosed space surrounded by bones, any orbital process…
Clinical Diagnosis of Headache and Facial Pain The clinical diagnosis of headache and facial pain depends on characterization of the mode of onset of pain (▶ Fig. 19.1). For example,…
Figure 10.1 FA patterns as they pertain to AMD. Hyperfluorescence in AMD can be the result of loss of the normal barrier to background choroidal fluorescence known as transmitted fluorescence….
