Overview Paraneoplastic retinopathies (PRs) represent visual dysfunctions and retinal degeneration associated with known or suspect malignancies, without direct involvement of the eye. PRs are believed to originate from an autoimmune…
Clinical background Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) is a rare intraocular inflammation that presents as a bilateral diffuse granulomatous uveitis following penetrating trauma or ocular surgery involving one eye. Following trauma to…
Clinical background The term retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is used to describe a group of inherited disorders in which vision loss is caused by degeneration of the rod and cone photoreceptor…
Clinical background Advances in the treatment of diseases involving the ocular anterior segment, particularly the lens and cornea, have greatly decreased the prevalence of visual impairment caused by dysfunction of…
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease associated with a deterioration of central vision. As AMD is the leading cause of blindness in persons aged 75 and older in the…
Clinical background ( Box 73.1 ) Altered retinal oxygenation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of many retinal diseases and a hypothesized role in others. Unfortunately, despite decades of…
Overview Acute retinal vascular occlusive disorders collectively constitute a major cause of serious visual impairment. Despite the fact that retinal artery occlusion (RAO) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO) have been…
Overview Retinal photoreceptors are paradoxically efficient in their ability to capture photons for visual transduction while being vulnerable to cellular damage from excess light. Although the molecular mechanism of visual…
Clinical background Retinal detachment (RD) is a physical separation of the neural retina from the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). An important physiological ramification of the creation of a detachment is…
