Cholinergic Pharmacology Joel S. Mindel BASIC PHARMACOLOGY The classic cholinergic systems are located at neuron-neuron synapses, at neuron-striated muscle fiber junctions, and at neuron-smooth muscle fiber junctions. Impulses are transmitted…
Ocular Side Effects and Toxicities From Systemic Therapy Joel S. Mindel Table 1 presents a list of common drugs and drug classes with ocular side effects. The list of ocular…
Systemic Side Effects from Topical Application of β-Blockers Joel S. Mindel Systemic administration of β-adrenergic receptor blocking agents is associated with multiple effects, some of them desirable and some not….
Drugs Affecting Hemostasis Joel S. Mindel Anticoagulants Inhibitors of Clotting Factors and Antithrombin III Activators The use of inhibitors of the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX,…
Topical and Systemic Antiviral Agents Steven A. Teich Tony W. Cheung Antiviral chemotherapy has lagged behind the development of antibiotics for bacterial infections. Because bacteria are relatively complex self-replicating organisms,…
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Allan J. Flach The term nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been applied to clycooxygenase inhibitors (COIs) that are useful for the prevention and treatment of several commonly…
Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics Joel S. Mindel HISTORY Local anesthesia became a reality with the introduction of cocaine. Cocaine is an alkaloid found in coca bush leaves and first isolated…
Congenital Anomalies Tatyana Milman Introduction Congenital anomalies are defects present at birth. The frequency of congenital ocular malformations has been estimated to be up to 6.8 per 10,000 live births.1,2…
Systemically and Topically Administered Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Glaucoma Janet B. Serle Milan P. Ranka Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) have been used to treat glaucoma since 1954,…
Pathology of the Uvea P. Kumar Rao The uvea is the pigmented vascular middle layer of the eye, lying between the sclera and neuroepithelium. It consists of three parts: the…
