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Lacrimal Obstructions CONGENITAL OBSTRUCTIONS CONGENITAL NASOLACRIMAL DUCT OBSTRUCTION Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction is seen in 2% to 6% of newborns but resolves in the first 3 to 4 weeks in…

Lacrimal Infections DACRYOCYSTITIS Epidemiology and Etiology • Age: Most common in older adults but can be seen at any age • Gender: More common in females • Etiology: Nasolacrimal obstruction…

Congenital Eyelid Anomalies BLEPHAROPHIMOSIS Blepharophimosis is a congenital eyelid syndrome that has a characteristic eyelid appearance and includes telecanthus, epicanthus inversus, and severe myogenic ptosis. Epidemiology and Etiology • Age:…

Eyelid Trauma MARGINAL EYELID LACERATION Marginal eyelid lacerations are most commonly associated with trauma to the entire orbital area, and often there are other associated injuries to the eye or…

Lacrimal Sac Tumors INTRODUCTION Lacrimal sac tumors are rare, and the etiology varies widely from benign to malignant. Any dacryostenosis or dacryocystitis has the potential to be a lacrimal sac…

Benign Eyelid Lesions PAPILLOMA A papilloma is a common benign, often asymptomatic, skin lesion that occurs most commonly in the intertriginous areas (axillae, inframammary, and groin) but is also commonly…

Miscellaneous Eyelid Conditions OCULAR CICATRICIAL PEMPHIGOID Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP) is a conjunctival scarring disease that occurs in older adults. It can be mild or progressive and can lead to…

Eyelid Inflammation CHALAZION A type of focal inflammation of the eyelid; it is a common lesion of the eyelid. The most common cause is blockage of a meibomian gland of…