44.1 Features Pavingstone (cobblestone) degeneration is a peripheral retinal degeneration characterized by multiple rounded, punched-out areas of chorioretinal atrophy with prominent underlying choroidal vessels and pigmented borders (▶ Fig. 44.1). Lesions…
6.1 Diagnostic/Technology Overview Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) is a noninvasive imaging modality which is used to record the retinal and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) autofluorescence (AF). Lipofuscin, which is a mixture of…
20.1 Features Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) typically occurs due to embolism or thrombosis, resulting in either branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) or central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). Vision loss is often…
33.1 Features Adult vitelliform macular dystrophy (AVMD) is generally regarded as a separate entity from juvenile-onset vitelliform macular dystrophy or Best Disease. AVMD has also been known by several other names,…
3.1 Diagnostic/Technology Overview Indocyanine green (ICG) is a dye used for visualizing the choroidal circulation. During testing, 25 mg of ICG dye in 5 mL of water is injected intravenously with…
15.1 Features Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a disease where epiretinal membranes form on the surface of the retina, creating traction and ultimately retinal detachment (RD). PVR is the most common cause…
8.1 Features Epiretinal membranes (ERMs) are essentially cellular proliferations on the surface of the macula and often appear after posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). They may be asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally…
22.1 Features Retinal arterial macroaneurysms (RAMs) are acquired, saccular or fusiform dilatations of large retinal arterioles, usually within the first three orders of bifurcation. The diameter of dilatation is typically within…
13.1 Features Giant retinal tears (GRTs) are full-thickness breaks in the retina extending for more than 3 clock hours (▶ Fig. 13.1). Patients with a GRT present with symptoms associated with…
10.1 Features Vitreomacular traction (VMT) is characterized by an incomplete posterior vitreous detachment and persistent adherence between the posterior hyaloid and the retinal surface causing architectural changes of the neurosensory retina…
