Features Talc (magnesium silicate) serves as a common vehicle for many intravenous medications used for recreational use such as heroin, codeine, meperidine, pentazocine, methadone, and methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin). Intravenous injection…
9.1 Features A full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) is a complete retinal defect that results in the separation of retinal layers and typically occurs in the fovea. FTMH prevalence has been reported…
Features In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates laser products. The FDA classifies lasers as class 1 through 4 based on type of light emitted and…
26.1 Features Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative disorder of the choroid and outer retina, and the most common cause of blindness in those over the age of 50 in…
Features The Zika virus belongs to the genus of viruses in the family Flaviviridae, which also includes West Nile, dengue, and yellow fever. These viruses are composed of positive-sense single-stranded…
29.1 Features Choroidal thickness depends on race, age, refractive error, and to a lesser extent on gender; the thickness also shows diurnal variation. A very rough rule of thumb is the…
4.1 Diagnostic/Technology Overview Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) has recently emerged as a noninvasive technique for imaging the vasculature of the eye. OCTA relies on the rapid acquisition of multiple OCT…
1.1 Diagnostic/Technology Overview Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was first introduced in 1991 as a noninvasive technology that uses low-coherence interferometry to produce cross-sections of biological structures. OCT employs a light beam…
21.1 Features Ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS) is a rare but serious disease. While our understanding of this entity has improved, OIS is still often misdiagnosed or missed on initial clinical exam….
16.1 Features Retinoschisis is a pathological retinal condition characterized by abnormal splitting of the neural retina. There are many categories and pathophysiological conditions that cause retinoschisis. General classification of retinoschisis can…
